The Effects Of Television On Our Life - 994 Words

Everything has positive and negative outlooks. Televisions don’t have to be a negative thing. Some believe that watching television is negative and cannot be influencing to others, but some may seem to believe that you can learn a few thing from watching TV. But watching television can perhaps have a positive impact in your life. Television can enhance the different ways you tend to see things, it can be an informative way of learning, and can also be a soul searching moment of inspiration. Watching TV can be a positive act in your day-to-day life. You may believe that TV cannot be a positive act in your in life, but when watching certain television shows you learn different life lessons. Shows like the educational channels, history channels, and other related channels are great shows to watch. It helps you build up you social and learning skills, and can make you look at things as well as life a little differently now that you have watched it from a different aspect. You can learn a lot from watching these particular kinds of shows, because when you see how it is being done and how others do it on the television, its gives you that mind set that you want to go out and experience it a different way, instead of the way you usually have done it. For example, I knew somebody who talked about having a child at a young age. We were at her house one day and we were watching this television show called â€Å"16 and pregnant†, which is mainly about teens who get pregna nt at a youngShow MoreRelatedTelevision Is Destroying Todays Youth, but Dont Blame T.V., Blame the Parents.1302 Words   |  6 PagesEver since television was invented, it has become increasingly controversial every year since. So many programs and movies shown on television have become increasingly violent and show sexual innuendos and sexual content. If you were to turn on the six o clock news, you would hear about the murders and the kidnappings and the rapes and all of the horrible things which happen in society, presented in a neutral manner which makes them all seem not quite so bad. Imagine how that looks to twelveRead MoreDesensitization From Lack Of Discretion1614 Words   |  7 Pagestyrannical government, loss of freedoms such as our freedom of speech and our freedom of press, and a stronger presence of authority in our lives on the one side. On the other side our country’s moral fabric could come apart, there could be a rise in violence, and the innocence of our children is at risk. It is the innocence of our children that we are going to take a closer look at. What part does uncensored media play in the desensitization of our youth? Why should we be concerned about this issueRead MoreTelevisions Effect on Families as Expressed in Marie Winns Article The Trouble with Television883 Words   |  4 PagesIt may be hard to admit, but television has become an intricate part of our everyday lives. People children often find themselves sitting in front of the television screen for a longer period of time than before and this has evolved immensely over the past few years. In this article, â€Å"The Trouble with Television,† by the author Marie Winn, mentions that addiction of television is negative effects on children and families. It keeps the families from doing other things and it’s a hidden competitorRead MoreThe Impact of Reality Tv on the Teenagers1732 Words   |  7 PagesKamat : Prof. Jenny Benoy Abstract Reality-based television programming has become a dominant force in television over the past seven years and a staple of most networks’ primetime lineups. This relatively quick change in the television landscape and the sudden increase in viewers’ consumption of reality television necessitate an investigation into the impact these shows are having on their viewers. This proposal attempts to exploreRead MoreThe Effects Of Reality Television On Our Lives901 Words   |  4 Pagesbachelor’s degree. She is a fan of reality television and has written this article to show the effect of reality television in the world we live in today and the messages they are sending to their audiences. Haggerty focuses on popular reality television shows, such as Keeping up with the Kardashians and the Real World, and how their messages can negatively affect the viewers of these shows. She also talks about how these reality shows have an impact on our lives, from perspectives on beauty standardsRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society1566 Words   |  7 PagesOur world has a variety of problems today, with violence being at the top of the list, you go anywhere and that is all you here about. Unfortunately it’s in front-page headlines of the newspaper and broadcasted on the news as top stories. Violence is a very big topic, although i t is categorized into many small groups. There is juvenile violence, domestic violence, hate violence, terrorist violence, and violence displaced through various forms of the media. This research will be on violence in theRead MoreTelevision: Drug or Medicine? Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesTelevision: Drug or Medicine? When I was young I lived on the west side of Chicago, a place where manners were non-existent and education was something forced upon us. At this point in my life an education was just an obstacle to get over and not a necessity. Though we were constantly preached to by our parents that education was the key to success; but our teachers told us that we would be nothing. Out of twenty houses on my block, I was one of the three houses that had cable. I was also oneRead More effects of tv violence on children Essay719 Words   |  3 Pages Effects of Television Violence on Children In our society today, it is extremely important to pay attention to what influences children. One of the biggest influences America’s youth may have is the television. It is possible for children to be pulled into the television’s realistic world of violence with sometimes devastating results. The impact of television violence on youth behavior has been an issue for many years. Violent programs on television lead to negative behavior by children and teenagersRead MoreEssay about The Effect of Television on a Childs Attention Span1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe effect of television on a childs attention span Samantha Martin COM/156 May 6, 2012 Jodi Galvan Axia College of the University of Phoenix The effect of television on a childs attention span In watching my 13-year-old daughter, and constantly trying to get her to complete the simplest of tasks such as loading the dishwasher. I have often wondered if watching too much television has anything to do with her inability to complete the smallest of tasks. Some people think thatRead MoreEssay on The Effects Of Television On Society778 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects Of Television On Society There is probably no greater influence on society than the television. It has become arguably the greatest invention of the past century. With it, we have witnessed countless historical events: Inaugurations of presidents; man’s first steps on the moon; the assignation of John F. Kennedy; even disasters as they happen. Americans watch TV in the morning to receive the daily news. They eat watching it. They watch it before they go to bed. But as television

Grand Corruption ‘Consists Of Acts Committed At A High

Grand corruption ‘consists of acts committed at a high level of government that distort policies or the central functioning of the state, enabling leaders to benefit at the expense of the public good’. Grand corruption represents a very dangerous social phenomenon plaguing Nigeria since the colonial era, which legal and institutional efforts to combat it over the years have taken many forms. However, the persistence of grand corruption in Nigeria arguably infringes on the realisation of certain human rights. Metaphorically, corruption is referred to as ‘public enemy number one’ that needs to be combatted using a holistic approach. The endemic nature of grand corruption in Nigeria provokes such rhetorical questions as: is it proper for†¦show more content†¦The World Bank defines corruption as ‘the abuse of public office for private gain’. The World Bank’s definition asserts only public corruption, leaving out private corruption . This I see as a drawback as it is a recognized factor that private sector corruption enables public corruption to thrive. Ian Bannon argues that ‘this definition is not original, but it was chosen because it is concise and broad enough to include most forms of corruption that the Bank encounters, as well as being widely used in the literature’. For Humphrey Asobie, the definition by the World Bank ‘creates the impression that corruption is a malady that primarily or even solely afflicts those in the public service, especially state authority, whereas those in the private sector and civil society may be equally culpable’. Daniel Kaufmann saw the public office centered approach towards the definition of corruption as deficient asserting that ‘†¦ we challenged this definition of corruption as placing too much emphasis on public office...we presented empirical evidence of the extent to which many powerful private firms engage in undue influence, to shape state policies, laws and regulations, for their own benefit’. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) defines corruption as ‘the abuse ofShow MoreRelatedHow Corruption Affects The Public And Private Sectors Of Our World1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Corruption is a multidimensional phenomenon with numerous causes and effects in the public and private sectors of our world. This dark trend has no boundaries, it is found in every country ranging from the economic leaders down to the least developed nations. The official definition given for corruption by Transparency International is â€Å"the abuse of entrusted power for private gain† (TI). The problem of corruption has been seen either as a structural problem of politics and economicsRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Within The United States2357 Words   |  10 Pagesby the federal government). Most criminal justice systems consist of 5 components. These components include law enforcement, prosecution, defense attorneys, courts, and corrections. Each play a major role in the criminal justice system. Understanding the criminal justice system is essential in ensuring that you know and understand your rights. This paper will discuss the history, each of the components, p roblems within the system (corruption), and its overall function. The History ImprisonmentRead MoreLegal System : Corruption And Where Is Corruption3096 Words   |  13 Pageslegal system? Corruption: What is corruption and where is corruption in our world? The broad or basic dictionary definition of corruption is dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery (Corruption |Usage Example Sentence, Pronunciation, Web Definition | Google Dictionary.). My definition of corruption is the same, but my definition of corruption in law enforcement is different. This is my definition of corruption in law enforcement; when officers of the law areRead MoreInflation and Indonesia3624 Words   |  15 PagesGoyalNirupan ChakravarthiSainath.V MBA 12 and PGPRM-9 | | Introduction: Indonesia is one of the largest countries in South-east Asia, between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean which contain mainly mountainous and covered with rain forests, swamps and consists over 13000 islands. Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. Indonesia declared its independence on 17th August 1945 from Japan but Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Susilo Bambang is the President and Muhammad Yusuf Kalla is the Vice-PresidentRead MoreInflation and Indonesia3630 Words   |  15 PagesChakravarthiSainath.V MBA 12 and PGPRM-9 | | Introduction: Indonesia is one of the largest countries in South-east Asia, between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean which contain mainly mountainous and covered with rain forests, swamps and consists over 13000 islands. Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. Indonesia declared its independence on 17th August 1945 from Japan but Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Susilo Bambang is the President and Muhammad Yusuf Kalla is the Vice-PresidentRead MoreSouth Korea s Historical Struggle With Tyrannical Rule Essay2059 Words   |  9 Pagesif not solved informally outside of courts. Next, there is the high courts for district appeals followed by the Supreme and Constitutional Court. (Zimmerman, 2002). The President is elected by direct popular vote, due to lengthy protestations for more democratic practices, and limited to a term of five years with no re-election. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly, which consists of at least 200 members (Korea (Republic of) s Constitution ofRead MoreThe Epic Scale Of The Poem Beowulf 2968 Words   |  12 Pagesjustice and generosity, and Beowulf’s attempts to defeat them symbolize his internal struggle to become a good and just leader. Beowulf follows most of the conventions of composition that are characteristic of a literary epic, such as the use of a grand temporal and spatial scale. The hero of an epic must be a figure of great national or cosmic importance. (Abrams and Harpham 108) According to the story, Beowulf is the legendary representative of the King of Denmark, and he defeats a monster thatRead MoreEffects of Corruption in the Phil.14311 Words   |  58 Pagesmajor effects of corruption in the economy of the Philippines. We focused on the many issues caused by corruption being faced by the government today. We also included some essays and opinions from several users online. The first part of our report is the definition of corruption and its cause. To introduce our topic, we first defined what corruption is. We included a definition taken from the website of Philippine Anti-Graft Commission, the government agency tasked to weed out corruption on the governmentRead MoreChallenges Of Strategy Implementation At Madison Insurance Company ( K ) Limited Essay4547 Words   |  19 Pagestheir quest to implement strategies, organizations experience challenges. It is imperative that these organizations are able to respond effectively to challenges; both problems and opportunities as they arise. The importance of the insurance sector is high for any developing country and Kenya is no exception. It allows for a range of financial instruments for different purposes; from meeting diverse needs from health costs medical emergency (health insurance) or savings or crop insurance to personalRead MoreIllegal Bunkery3313 Words   |  14 Pagesand/or its derivatives.    The term bunkering, (whether legal or illegal) has been thoroughly abused, demonised, and misused in Nigerian parlance, so much so that the mere mention of it readily evokes, connotes, or triggers subliminal suggestions of grand illegality in the Nigerian paradigm. For example, when petroleum products pipelines get cannibalised, the Nigerian mind very effortlessly visualises illegal bunkering in progress. When shiploads of crude oil (from refineries) get stolen, and are

Nursing education free essay sample

Nursing education encompasses a vast continuum. Within the undergraduate subdivision, there are two preparatory levels of nursing education: Associates Degree in Nursing (ADN) and Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing (BSN). Although the underlying philosophies of patient-centered care and compassion remain consistent between both degree-levels, there are distinctions pertaining to clinical decision-making and care delivery. Major differences in competency of critical thinking and problem solving skills, evidence-based practice and clinical judgment, exist between nurses prepared at the associate-degree level and baccalaureate degree level, thus proportionally affecting patient outcomes. The ADN is a two-year program that provides individuals the opportunity to provide entry level nursing care under the title Registered Nurse. Its initial purpose during the 1950s was to temporarily fill the nursing shortage gap after World War II. Nurses prepared at the Associate-degree level are expected to develop competence in safe and effective patient care including delegation and patient teaching. Today, ADN programs have grown exponentially across the nation and have become integrated in the curriculum of community colleges all over the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. The standard BSN program is typically 4 years in length and it exposes the student to evidence- based research, theory and science. While nurses prepared at the baccalaureate level are expected to provide the same competent care as an ADN prepared nurse, they are also required to integrate knowledge beyond the scope of the individual into practice. This requires an increased focus on critical thinking (Grand Canyon University, 2011). It is this increased focus on critical thinking and evidence- based approach that helped boost positive patient outcomes. The increased knowledge of nursing theory, science and research helps the baccalaureate nurse better understand disease processes, thus helping him/her to use appropriate clinical judgment in handling patient care situations. The BSN curriculum fosters the development of these skills. The nurse obtains knowledge regarding public health and community issues. Additionally, the nurse develops skills in nursing administration and research in order to provide optimum health care for the patient and organization, thus carrying out expert assessment and evaluation (Forster, 2008). There are numerous studies depicting the correlation between the four-year degree nursing education and improved patient outcomes. In the August 2008 edition of Health Services Research, Dr. Christopher Friese and associates identified a link between patient outcomes and nursing education level. They determined that moving to a nursing practice environment with a higher proportion of baccalaureate prepared nurses led to a significant decrease in the mortality of hospitalized cancer patients who underwent surgery. In addition to lowered mortality rates, patients also experienced lower failure to rescue rates. In a separate study published by the Journal of Advanced Nursing, researchers at the University of Toronto resolved that facilities with a greater number of BSN prepared nurses had lower 30-day mortality rates. For every 1,000 patients discharged, a 10% increase in the number of baccalaureate degree nurses resulted in 9 fewer deaths (Rosster, 2013). The differences in competencies between nurses may differ based upon their educational preparation. For example, in an emergency room setting, while the ADN and BSN nurse are both able to perform the same hands on skills of preparing EKG equipment, oxygen, and administering medication to a patient with suspected myocardial infarction, each nurse utilizes a different approach while administering care. The ADN prepared nurse, trained to have a more hands on clinical approach, may focus on the technical aspect of patient care. They are trained to integrate nursing science to make judgments and perform safe, effective skills (Payne, 2013). Contrastingly, the BSN prepared nurse, using his/her in depth knowledge of evidence-based research, is able to better approach the clinical situation with critical thinking skills. In addition to the focus on technical skills, the baccalaureate prepared nurse synthesizes nursing science and knowledge to make clinical judgments and takes on a leadership role to assist in the progression of competent patient-centered care (Payne, 2013). There are many differences in competency levels between the ADN and BSN prepared nurse. While the ADN nurse primarily focuses on the perfection of hands-on skills, the BSN nurse bases his/her practice on both technical skills and evidence-based research. The BSN degree focus on critical thinking helps to enhance care delivery and clinical competency. It is this focus that has helped to improve patient outcomes and lower mortality rates within the U. S. Nursing education free essay sample Introduction The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice provides the educational framework for the preparation of professional nurses. This document describes the outcomes expected of graduates of baccalaureate nursing programs. The Essentials apply to all prellcensure and RN complet Ion programs, whether the degree is baccalaureate or graduate entry. Program curricula are designed to prepare students to meet the endofprogram outcomes delineated under each Essent ial. Background The healthcare delivery system has changed dramatically since The Essentials ot Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice was endorsed by the American Associat ion of Colleges of Nursing (AACN, 1998). Building a safer healt hcare system has become t he focus of all health professions following numerous reports from the Institute of Medicine (10M, 2000, 2001 , 2004), American Hospital Associat Ion (2002), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Kimball C)Neill, 2002b the Joint Commission (2002) and other authorit les. Nursing has been Identified as having the potential for making the biggest Impact on a transformation of healthcare delivery toa safer, higher qualit y, and more costeffect Ive system. Wit h the increasing awareness of the need for change in the healthcare system, the clinical microsystems (small, funct tonal units where care is provided within the larger system) have become an important focus for improving healt hcare outcomes (Nelson, Batalden, Godfrey, 2007). In addit ion to the concern over healt hcare outcomes, the United St ates and the global market are experiencing a nursing shortage that Is expected to intensify as the demand for more and different nursing services grows. Buerhaus. Staiger. and Auerbach (2008) reported that the U. S. may experience a shortage of ore than 500,000 registered nurses by the year 2025. Despite annual Increases In enrollments In entrylevel baccalaureate nursing programs since 2001 (Fang, Htut, Bednash, 2008), these Increases are not suffcient to meet the projected demand for nurses. According to Buerhaus et al. (2008), enrollment in nursing programs would have to increase at least 40% annually to replace the nurses expected to leave t he workforce through retirement alone. Addressing the need for an increased Off numDer 0T Daccalaureatepreparea nurses Is crlt Ical out not sumclent. Nursing must educate future professionals to deliver patientcentered care as members of n interprofessional team, emphasizing evidencebased practice, qualit y improvement approaches, and informat ics (10M, 2003b). Nursing education and practice must work together to better align educat ion with practice environments Coint Commission, 2002, Kimball ONeill, 2002;). The environments in which professional nurses practice have become more diverse and more global in nature. Scient iflc advances, particularly in the areas of genet ics and genomics, have had and will cont inue t o have a growing and significant impact on prevent ion, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, illnesses, and condit ions. The increased revalence of chronic illness is a result of an increasingly older adult population, environmental threats, lifestyles that increase r isk of disease, and enhanced technological and therapeut ic intervent ions that prolong life. Increases in longevity of life have made the older adult the fastest growing segment of the populat ion. In 2003, 12 % of the population was older than 65 years of age. By 2030, this populat ion will increase to 20%, with a large majority older than 80 years of age (He, Sengupta, Velkoff, DeBarros, 2005). Those older than 65 years of age had almost four times the number of hospitalization days than those ounger than 65 years of age (Centers for Disease Control, 2007) Education for the baccalaureate generalist must include content and experiences across the lifespan, including the very young who are especially vulnerable. The percentage of the population under 18 years of age is 24. 6% (U. S. Census Bureau, 2008). U. S. infant mortalit y in 2006 ranked 38 th in the world (World Health Organizat ion, 2008). Prevent ion is crit ical in addressing both acute and chronic condit ions across the lifespan. The role of the nurse in prevent ion cont inues to be of utmost importance. Increasing globalizat ion of healthcare and the diversit y of this nat ions populat ion mandates an attention to diversity in order to provide safe, high qualit y care. The professional nurse practices in a mult icultural environment and must possess the skills to provide culturally appropriate care. According to the U. S. Census Bureau (2008), the nat ions minorit y population totaled 102 million or 34% of the U. S. populat ion in 2006. Wit h project ions point ing to even greater levels of diversity in the coming years, professional nurses need to demonstrate a sensit vity to and understanding of a variety of cultures to provide high qualit y care across settings. Liberal educat ion, including the study of a second language, facilitates the development of an appreciation for diversit y. Strong forces influencing the role of nurses include: scientific advances, particularly in the area of genetics and genomics, changing demographics of pat lent populat ions, new care tecnnologles, ana patient access to healthcare informat ion. These forces call for new ways of thinking and providing health care. Nursing is uniquely posit toned to respond to these major forces, requiring an ncreased emphasis on designing and implement ing pat ientcentered care, developing partnerships wit h the patient, and a focus on customer service. Nursing Education In response to calls for transforming the healthcare system and how healthcare professionals are educated, AACN has maintained an ongoing dialogue wit h a broad representation of stakeholders internal and external to nursing. The dialogue has focused on the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed by nurses to practice effect ively within this complex and changing environment. New innovative models of nursing educat ion have emerged, and AACN has taken a leadership role in craft nga preferred vision for nursing education. In 2004, the AACN Board of Directors reaffirmed its posit ion that baccalaureate education is the minimum level required for entry into professional nursing practice in todays complex healthcare environment. Baccalaureate generalist education, as defl ned in this document, is the foundat ion upon which all graduate nursing education builds. The preferred vision for nursing educat ion includes generalist, advanced generalist, and advanced specialty nursing educat ion. Generalist nurse education occurs ata minimum in baccalaureate degree nursing programs. Advanced generalist educat ion occurs in masters degree nursing programs, including the Clinical Nurse Leader ([emailprotected]), which is an advanced generalist nursing role. Advanced specialt y educat ion occurs at the doctoral level in Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) or research focused degree programs (PhD, DNS, or DNSc). Endofprogram outcomes for the baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral nursing programs build on each other. The Discipline of Nursing Roles for the baccalaureate generalist nurse are derived from the discipline of nursing. The roles of the baccalaureate generalist include: provider of care, esigner/manager/coordinator of care, and member of a profession. Nursing generalist practice includes both direct and indirect care for patients, which includes individuals, families, groups, communit ies, and populat ions. Nursing pract ice is built on nursing knowledge, theory, and research. In addit ion, nursing pract ice derives knowledge Trom a w10e array 0T otner TlelOs ana proTesslons, aaaptlng ana applying tnls knowledge as appropriate to professional pract ice. In the senior college and university setting, every academic discipline is grounded in discrete inquirybased applications that are distinctive to that discipline. Scient iflc advances, (particularly in the area of genet ics and genomics), changing demographics of patient populations, new care t echnologies, and patient access to health care information call for new ways of thinking and doing in the provision of healt h care. The academic setting provides a forum for contemplat ing physical, psychological, social, cultural, behavioral, ethical, and spiritual problems wit hin and across disciplines. Facult y have a responsibility to facilitate the t ranslat ion of knowledge from a liberal educat ion base into the practice of nursing. Nursing faculty introduce nursing science and theories, and guide he student in developing an understanding of the discipline of nursings dist inct Ive perspective. Baccalaureate prepared nurses provide pat ientcentered care that identifies, respects, and addresses patients differences, values, preferences, and expressed needs (10M, 2003a). Patient centered care also involves the coordinat ion of cont inuous care, listening to, communicat ing with, and educating pat tents and caregivers regarding healt h, wellness, and disease management and prevent ion. The generalist nurse provides the human link between the healt hcare system and the patient by translating the plan of care to the patient. A broad based skill set is required to fill this human interface role. Patient centered care also requires the development of a nurse patient partnership. Patients, as consumers of healt hcare services, and as integral members of the healt hcare team, have an increasing role and responsibilit y for the mutual planning of care and healt hcare decision making. The fundamental aspects of generalist nursing practice are: direct care of the sick in and across all environments, health promotion and clinical prevention, and populat ion based healt h care. A defining feature of professional nursing practice is the ocus on health promotion and risk reduct ion.

Iran

Iran- Contra Scandal Essay Over the centuries ancient Roman society has played a significant role in the creation of a common culture like our own. The material remains from ancient Rome have preserved valuable evidence for the status and accomplishments of the Roman people. Because so many aspects of ancient Roman civilization are respected and followed in society today, such as Roman art, Roman roads, and Roman law, it is important to understand the similarities and differences that ally within the two cultures. One aspect of Roman culture that I found interesting to focus on is the tradition of marriage. A traditional Roman marriage is completely different than a traditional marriage in our culture today, essentially because of the significant change in the role of women over time. Because Roman women had hardly any rights, their role in marriage was extremely limited. Women in ancient Rome barely had any rights by law, so they had very few opportunities to live independently. Roman women were expected to m arry at a young age, usually when they reached their teen years or early twenties. A Roman womans subordination in marriage began even before she became engaged, as it was tradition for a womans father, or legal guardian to arrange the marriage of their daughters. In her work on Roman Marriage, Susan Treggiari sites a preserved document of a Roman mother explaining the rules of engagement to her daughter: When you become engaged to someone, your father, will inform you of the fact. An engagement should come on a young girl as a surprise, pleasant or unpleasant, as the case may be. It is hardly a matter that she could be allowed to arrange for herself (Treggiari, 125). The legal independence of women was also constrained by the institution of guardianship. If a woman outlived her father, it was required by law in Rome to have a guardian, or tutor. The legal sources about the reasons women needed guardians are specific, as they describe women as lacking judgment, were easily victimize d, basically because they claimed women were fools. Roman women were expected to be married, primarily because it was almost impossible for them to live independently, but also because single women, or maidens, were just not accepted in society. Most single women though were of the lower class, and had little opportunity to obtain a better life. Free-born women continued to scratch our a living as laundresses, weavers, butchers, and fish-sellers, or in one of the occupations that are recorded on inscriptions at Pompeii: bean-dealer, nail-seller, brick-maker, even stonecutter. A number of poor women worked as waitresses in taverns, where they were probably expected, or obliged, to engage in prostitution on the side. In fact, for a lot of unskilled working class women, prostitution was the only to make a living, however inadequate (Le Glay, 139). So although women had little control in their marriage, it seems as though they had even less control of their lives as single women in Rome . In addition to Roman women being passed into the control of their husbands upon the day of their wedding, they were also expected to possess a worthy dowry that came from their fathers estate, and then became controlled by their husbands. During the time of Ciceros reign in 62 BC, he clearly defined the meaning of the dowry: When a woman enters the manus of a man, everything which belonged to her becomes the husbands and is called dowry (Treggiari, 325). This was especially unfortunate for women because they had little to no power in their marriage to begin with, and the only money or property that they possessed was handed over to their husbands. The more money a womans dowry was worth, the easier it was for her father to arrange her marriage. Thus it is important to note that many women of lower class were also much less likely to marry because it was difficult to negotiate marriage with no dowry to offer. Marriage without dowry was undesirable and disreputable and that the tran sfer and acceptance of dos dowry indicated that legal marriage rather than concubinage was intended by both parties. How far the poorest members of the population could afford this sentiment, or afford to get married at all, is uncertain (Treggiari, 323). Marriage contracts are common among the remains of Roman culture, as one dated from 13 BC states the content of one Roman womans dowry: Thermion and Apollonius son of Ptolemaieus agree that they have come together to share a common life, and the said Apollonius acknowledges that he has received from Thermion by hand from the house a dowry of a pair of gold earrings weighing three quarters and silver drachmas (Lewis Reinhold, 407). The duties of Roman women in marriage are explicit and are somewhat similar to those of women in marriage in earlier times in our own culture, especially before the time of women suffrage in America. When a Roman woman married, she was immediately responsible for childbearing and household duties, such a s cooking and cleaning, and she was forced to perform any duties by which her husband ordered. The woman, because she must feed babies under cover and is more timid and therefore adapted to protecting produce indoors, is suited to working in the househer duties supervising servants and stores; making clothes; nursing sick slaves; teaching the maids to spin; training, disciplining, and rewarding the staff; keeping supplies, tools, kitchen and dining utensils, clothing, and footwear in good order- with an insistence on precision, discipline, and tidiness (Treggiari, 186). A common marriage contract explains a wifes duties: and Thermion shall fulfill her duties toward her husband and the common life and shall not be absent herself from the house for a night or a day without the consent of Apollionius, nor dishonor nor injure their common home nor consort with another many, or she, if guilty of any of these actions, shall, after trial, be deprived of the dowry, and in addition the tran sgressing party shall be liable to the prescribed fine (Lewis Reinhold, p.407). So in addition to the various duties the Roman woman had within her marriage, she was also ordered by law to obey her husband and restricted any freedom unless her husband consented. In law,a womans place in the home was emphatically subordinate to that of the paterfamilias, the male head of the household, who possessed almost unlimited authority over everyone who lived in itThose who were under his power (potestas) owned nothing in their own name; anything they acquired belonged to him (Le Glay, 141). Although women in ancient Rome were subjected to Roman law and to the traditional male dominated marriage, marriage life for many women was full of love and happiness. Few Romans questioned the ideal model of a married couple united by mutual love and partnership. It appears as well in literary sources as in the inscriptions of the early empire. Matrimonial bliss was undoubtedly often attained, though not always, of course (Arjava, 127). However, co-operation, love, and mutual respect did not mean that the spouses were thought to be equal it is clear that the husband was expected to be the dominant partner in marriage ( Arjava, 128). Plutarch, a man who adopted the practices of both Greek and Roman culture in the second century AD, wrote his advice to young brides and grooms: Whenever two notes are sounded in accord the tune is carried by the bass; and in like manner every activity in a virtuous household is carried on by both parties in agreement, but discloses the husbands leadership and preferences (Arjava, 129). The source of Plutarchs document adds that this was a very common way to go about married life, that no one in Rome would object to this advice: I doubt that anyone anywhere within the empire would have disagreed with his advice (Arjava, 129). Although many Roman marriages were full of love and admiration between the husband and wife, there is a lot of evidence of adulte ry and violence that existed within Roman marriages. Divorce was also a common conflict that resulted from failed marriages, often those where adultery and/or violence was prevalent. Lewis and Reinhold printed an excerpt from Marcus Catos oration titled On the Dowry, that provide much evidence of abusive husbands, some who committed adultery and were not punished or divorced from their wives, and some who killed their wives and remained unpunished, even unaccused. When a husband divorces his wife, he judges the woman as a censor would, and has full powers if she has been guilty of any wrong or shameful act; she is severely punished if she had drunk wine; if she had done wrong with another man she is condemned to death Marcus Cato moves on to declare that If you should take your wife in adultery, you may with impunity put her to death without a trial; but if you should commit adultery of indecency, she must not presume to lay a finger on you, nor does the law permit it (Lewis Reinho ld, 508). Marcus Catos document is a rather unfortunate piece of evidence that women in ancient Roman marriages had no rights by law, but moreover they were allowed to be brutally beaten and even murdered, while their attacker would go without punishment. .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 , .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .postImageUrl , .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 , .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2:hover , .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2:visited , .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2:active { border:0!important; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2:active , .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2 .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua90a82075c1d1516bfdb8b46487062d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Philosophers Essay After careful research, I have come to the conclusion that the role of the woman in an ancient Roman marriage was extremely limited in all aspects of Roman society. As soon as she was set free of her fathers authority, she was handed over only to be controlled by her husband. When the woman married, all of her possessions, including property, was now controlled by her husband as well. Wives, under contracted law, were forced to perform all duties of the household and those desired by their husbands. In most cases, a Roman wife was responsible for childbearing, and if she was unable to perform this duty, her husband could legally divorce her. It was permitted under Roman law that a man could divorce and kill his wife if she committed adultery. Men also went unaccused for beating their wives. Fortunately, times have changed since the era of ancient Rome, and much progress has been made, especially with women and minorities. But over centuries, one thing has remained the same, which is the concept of marriage. Marriage is a human institution which has historically been linked with love and companionship, sexuality and the production and rearing of children. The Roman state defined narrowly the marriages which were valid for its citizens and which produced a new generation of citizens. A closely knit family and a devoted married couple remain the ideal from the first century BC to the third century AD and beyond. Words/ Pages : 1,800 / 24